This three year project aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs in promoting the utilization of maternal health services and improving health outcomes of the infants and mothers across poor counties in Sichuan.The study utilizes a randomized controlled trial design, under which 35 pairs of villages matched over their characteristics from five nationally-designated poor counties in Sichuan province will be identified and, for each pair, one village will be randomly selected as treatment or control village. All women who become pregnant during the first six months of the CCTs intervention period in the treatment villages will receive a CCT payment conditional on their visits to a hospital for a prenatal check; or to deliver their baby; or for a postnatal check. The evaluation survey will be carried out in the treatment and control villages after the launch of the CCT program for eighteen months to measure the utilization of maternal health services HS and health outcomes of mothers and infants by questionnaire interview and anthropometric measurement, respectively. Using program evaluation techniques, the study will then assess the effectiveness of the intervention.